For example, silicon oils are added to different foods and beverages because of their chemical inertness, thermal stability, and water insolubility. Silicon has many applications in the food and chemical industries. It is also added to silicon which is used for implants, insulators, polishing agents, and lubricants. Sodium silicate, for example, is used as an egg preservative and added to adhesives and soaps. Its compounds also have commercial applications. The element is also used to produce semiconductor devices and detectors, photovoltaic applications, and wafers. It is added to alloys to reduce cracks and tearing. Silicon has application in electronics and alloys in the steel industry. Examples include microcrystallines and diamond stimulants such as rhinestone, agate, gemstone opal, and others. Some types of silica are rare and expensive. Minerals are also mined, including kaolinite, perlite, vermiculite, and olivine. Silicates and silica are abundant and non-toxic. Pure silicon occurs in different minerals, including opal, jasper, rock crystal, agate amethyst, and quartz while amorphous opaline or biogenic silica can be found in siliceous sponges and diatoms. The major producers are the United States, Russia, and China. The Czochralski process is used to grow crystals. Silicon forms when crystals are doped with arsenic, phosphorus, germanium, gallium, and potassium. Si-30, Si-29, and Si-28 are stable isotopes. Silicon forms a number of compounds, including silatranes, tetrahalides, disilenes, silane, and others. Silicon has two known allotropes –crystalline and amorphous with relatively high boiling and melting points. This is a brittle, electropositive element with a boiling point of 3265 C (5909 F). It is one of the most abundant elements in the earth's crust as well, along with calcium, iron, aluminum, and oxygen. Silicon is one of the most abundant elements in the universe, together with helium, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, neon, and oxygen. It was isolated in 1824 by the Swedish chemist Jons Berzelius who also identified elements such as cerium, thorium, and selenium. Silicon (atomic number 14, symbol Si) is a metalloid and a chemical element which is solid at room temperature.
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